There are four forces Electromagnetic, Strong, Weak, and Gravity that are responsible for the behavior of the particles and thus keep the atom together. Forces within the Atom What is a force? Conclusion: What keeps the atom together? Forces within the Atom. What is a force? These machines are imagined to be able to take elements and stick them together to make molecules and bigger things the same way we make a car or a toaster.
We are still a long way away from that kind of stuff and there is a lot of controversy—if it is even possible—only time will tell! Language English Spanish Portuguese. Print Issues Print issues of Nanooze are distributed free to classrooms on request. Credits Prof. How does chemical bonding affect solubility?
Which of the forces of molecular attraction is the weakest: hydrogen bond, dipole interaction, How do chemical bonds affect the properties of a substance? How do chemical bonds affect metabolism? See all questions in Bonding. Similarly, if a chlorine atom gains an extra electron, it becomes the chloride ion, Cl —. Both ions form because the ion is more stable than the atom due to the octet rule.
Once the oppositely charged ions form, they are attracted by their positive and negative charges and form an ionic compound. Ionic bonds are also formed when there is a large electronegativity difference between two atoms.
This difference causes an unequal sharing of electrons such that one atom completely loses one or more electrons and the other atom gains one or more electrons, such as in the creation of an ionic bond between a metal atom sodium and a nonmetal fluorine. Formation of sodium fluoride : The transfer of electrons and subsequent attraction of oppositely charged ions.
To determine the chemical formulas of ionic compounds, the following two conditions must be satisfied:. This is because Mg has two valence electrons and it would like to get rid of those two ions to obey the octet rule. Fluorine has seven valence electrons and usually forms the F — ion because it gains one electron to satisfy the octet rule. Therefore, the formula of the compound is MgF 2.
The subscript two indicates that there are two fluorines that are ionically bonded to magnesium. On the macroscopic scale, ionic compounds form crystalline lattice structures that are characterized by high melting and boiling points and good electrical conductivity when melted or solubilized. Fluorine has seven valence electrons and as such, usually forms the F — ion because it gains one electron to satisfy the octet rule. Covalent bonds are a class of chemical bonds where valence electrons are shared between two atoms, typically two nonmetals.
The formation of a covalent bond allows the nonmetals to obey the octet rule and thus become more stable. For example:. Covalent bonding requires a specific orientation between atoms in order to achieve the overlap between bonding orbitals. Sigma bonds are the strongest type of covalent interaction and are formed via the overlap of atomic orbitals along the orbital axis.
The overlapped orbitals allow the shared electrons to move freely between atoms. Pi bonds are a weaker type of covalent interactions and result from the overlap of two lobes of the interacting atomic orbitals above and below the orbital axis.
Unlike an ionic bond, a covalent bond is stronger between two atoms with similar electronegativity. For atoms with equal electronegativity, the bond between them will be a non- polar covalent interaction. In non-polar covalent bonds, the electrons are equally shared between the two atoms.
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